Prologue to Franklin

The small town of Franklin, Tennessee had been a Federal (Union) military post since the fall of Nashville in early 1862.  Late in the summer of 1864, Confederate President Jefferson Davis replaced commander Joseph E. Johnston with John Bell Hood.  General Hood, a graduate of the U.S. Military Academy and known for his superb record with his "Texas Brigade," suffered from a withered arm and amputated leg (resulting from previous wounds).  Hood begins to formulate his "Tennessee Campaign of 1864" with the main objective to retake Nashville in hopes that  Sherman would withdraw his infamous march to the sea and perhaps take pressure off of Robert E. Lee's besieged army in Virginia.

Under Hood's command, The Army of Tennessee moved up through Georgia, Alabama, crossed the Tennessee River, and then entered Tennessee.  November 30, 1864 had been a beautiful Indian summer day.  At dawn, the Confederacy marched north from Spring Hill, Tennessee in pursuit of fleeing Federal forces.  General Hood was determined to destroy the Federal Army before it reached Nashville.

The Battle of Franklin has been called "the bloodiest five hours of the American Civil War."

Franklin:  The Valley of Death

"(Franklin) is the blackest page in the history of the War of the Lost Cause.  It was the bloodiest battle of modern times in any war.  It was the finishing stroke to the Independence of the Southern Confederacy.  I was there.  I saw it."  --Sam Watkins, 1st Tennessee Infantry

Called "The Gettysburg of the West," Franklin was one of the few night battles in the Civil War. The main battle began around 4:00 pm and wound down around 9:00 pm.  It was also one of the smallest battlefields of the war (2 miles by 4 1/2 miles). 

Maj. Gen. John M. Schofield

The Federal  Army under the command of General Schofield

consisted of 20,000 infantry / approximately 3,800 cavalry

23rd Corps (Army of Ohio) commanded by Jacob Cox

4th Corps (Army of the Cumberland) commanded by David Stanley

(Carter Family Barn & Cotton Gin was rebuilt after Battle of Franklin - The road is Columbia Pike - This photo is believed to be taken sometime in the 1880's)

The Federal Army had arrived in Franklin around 1:00 that morning.  Brigadier General Jacob Dolson Cox led the operation and woke up the Carter family, commandeering their home as his headquarters.  At that time, the Carter Farm consisted of 288 acres on the south edge of town bordering the Columbia Pike.  Their cotton gin (pictured above) was located 100 yards from the house where eventually the main line of Federal breastworks were constructed.  The Federal line commander was Cox who supervised his army in a defensive position surrounding the southern edge of town.  He used the existing breastworks built in 1863 and constructed others on the west side of Columbia Pike.  About 60 feet from the Carter House, near their farm office and smokehouse, were the inner breastworks.

 General John Bell Hood CSA

The Confederate Army of Tennessee under the command of General Hood

consisted of 33,000 infantry / approximately 5,000 cavalry

Three corps of infantry:

S.D. Lee's Corps - Clayton, Stevenson, Johnson's Divisions

Frank Cheatham's Corps - Cleburne, Brown, Bate's Divisions

A.P. Stewart's Corps - Loring, Walthall, French's Divisions

S.D. Lee's Corps arrived late with only one division participating in the battle.) By 2:00 pm Hood had made plans for a frontal assault.  By 2:30 pm a conference was held at the Harrison House.  Strong objections were voiced from Hood's commanders.  General Cheatham said, "I don't like the looks of this fight, as the enemy has a good position and is well fortified."  Generals Cleburne (pictured, right) and Forrest (cavalry) knew they would be flirting with disaster. But Hood would not be dissuaded.  As Cleburne mounted his horse to leave, Hood gave strict orders for the assault.  Cleburne responded, "We will take the works or fall in the attempt."  The Army of Tennessee knew this assault on the town of Franklin would be suicidal.  They bravely advanced toward the Carter House with their heads held high.

The fighting soon became brutal and fiendishly savage, with men bayoneted and clubbed to death in the Carter yard.  A Confederate soldier was bayoneted on the front steps of the Carter House.  Men were clubbing, clawing, punching, stabbing and choking each other.  The smoke from the cannons and guns was so thick that you could not tell friend from foe.

During the five hours of fighting, the Carter Family took refuge in their basement.  23 men, women and children (many under the age of 12) were safely protected while the horrible cries of war rang out above them.  The head of the family, Fountain Branch Carter, a 67-year old widower, had seen 3 of his sons fight for the Confederacy.  One son, Theodrick (Tod), was serving as an aid for General T.B. Smith on the battlefield and saw his home for the first time in 3.5 years.  Crying out, "Follow me boys, I'm almost home," Captain Tod Carter was mortally wounded and died 2 days later at the Carter House. 

After the battle, like so many homes in Franklin, the parlor of the Carter House was converted into a Confederate field hospital and witnessed many surgeries and amputations. 

Around midnight, the Federal Army retreated to Nashville to join the forces of General George Thomas.

Map of the Battle of Franklin showing the Carter House at the center

(maps available at Carter House Gift Shop)

The Aftermath

Federal Casualties - 2,800 men

 The 23rd Corps lost 958, and the 4th Corps lost 1,368.  650 men were killed, 2,100 were wounded, 1,104 captured and 287 cavalry casualties.  Only 1 Federal General was wounded (Major General David Stanley, Corps Commander). 

 Confederate Casualties - 7,200 men

More than 2,000 men were killed outright or died of mortal wounds, 5,000 seriously wounded and 702 captured (not including cavalry casualties).  15 out of 28 Confederate Generals were casualties.  69 field grade officers were lost.  Also among the casualties that day were 3 doctors and 3 chaplains. Some infantry regiments lost 92 % of their strength at Franklin.  There were more men killed in the Confederate Army of Tennessee in the 5- hour battle than in the 2-day Battle of Shiloh and the 3-day Battle of Stones River.

In the spring of 1866, the McGavock Family of Franklin donated 2 acres near their home, Carnton, to establish a Confederate Cemetery where 1,496 soldiers are laid to rest

The Carter House was purchased by the State of Tennessee in 1951 and first opened to the public in 1953, today a Registered Historic Landmark, is dedicated to all Americans who fought in this battle.